Statistical approach for determination of usage environments

Only abstract. Paper copies of master’s theses are listed in the Helka database (http://www.helsinki.fi/helka). Electronic copies of master’s theses are either available as open access or only on thesis terminals in the Helsinki University Library.Vain tiivistelmä. Sidottujen gradujen saatavuuden voit tarkistaa Helka-tietokannasta (http://www.helsinki.fi/helka). Digitaaliset gradut voivat olla luettavissa avoimesti verkossa tai rajoitetusti kirjaston opinnäytekioskeilla.Endast sammandrag. Inbundna avhandlingar kan sökas i Helka-databasen (http://www.helsinki.fi/helka). Elektroniska kopior av avhandlingar finns antingen öppet på nätet eller endast tillgängliga i bibliotekets avhandlingsterminaler.The objective of the thesis was to utilize the measured temperature- and relative humidity data in order to determine the usage environment of mobile phones. New statistical method for lifetime prediction of solder joint is represented in this study. Two fundamental theories of statistics that are the basis for the method are also represented. The data were also utilized for three physical lifetime estimating models. The measured temperature data were parametrized for the lifetime estimations. The effects of three usage environments to the lifetime of solder joint were studied by using represented models and the results were compared. The average values and standard deviations were calculated from the temperature- and relative humidity data. The Measured data were also presented in 3D-figures of the temperature and relative humidity. Average values of temperature varied between 22 – 30 ˚C and values of relative humidity between 30 – 50 %. The measured usage environments were also divided into meteorological regions, and global coverage of measurements was also discussed. The measured temperature data was simplified by linearization and parameters for lifetime estimations were calculated. Four moments of the original and the modified data were calculated and compared in order to check the representativeness of the modified data. The information of the modified data corresponded with the original data, and therefore, it could be utilized in the lifetime estimation models. The severity of usage environments was studied by estimating the lifetime of the solder joint. The fatigue of the solder joint caused by climatic temperature variation was observed to be the most severe in the low temperature environment. Severity of the temperature cycling environment was higher than than that of the high temperature environment, which was observed to be the least severe environment. Results from this study can be utilized in developing of testing- and design guidelines, as a stress factor in simulation models, in usage environment profiling and in international standardization work.Instructor: Ph.D. Kyösti Väkeväinen, Supervisor: Prof. Hannu Niem

Effect of prior austenite grain size on the abrasive wear resistance of ultra-high strength martensitic steels

Prior austenite grain size has a marked effect on the hardenability, strength, and impact toughness properties of steels. This study was conducted in order to understand the effect of prior austenite grain size and morphology on the mechanical properties and abrasive wear performance of an ultra-high strength steel. A commercial quenched 500 HB grade wear-resistant steel was selected for the study: the steel was austenitized at two different temperatures and compared to the original, as-received quenched condition. The resulting mean prior austenite grain size was ranging from 14 μm to 34 μm. The decrease in grain size improved the low-temperature impact toughness properties. A high stress abrasive wear testing method with natural granite abrasives was utilized for the evaluation of abrasive wear resistance. The results suggest that decreasing the prior austenite grain size improves the abrasive wear resistance with similar hardness level martensitic steels. In addition, high-resolution electron backscatter diffraction measurements revealed formation of ultra-fine grain structures in the severely deformed regions of the wear surfaces.acceptedVersionPeer reviewe

Long-term health-related quality of life in persons diagnosed with an insulinoma in Finland 1980-2010

Objective Insulinomas are rare pancreatic neoplasms, which can usually be cured by surgery. As the diagnostic delay is often long and the prolonged hyperinsulinemia may have long-term effects on health and the quality of life, we studied the long-term health-related quality of life (HRQoL) in insulinoma patients. Design, patients and measurements The HRQoL of adults diagnosed with an insulinoma in Finland in 1980-2010 was studied with the 15D instrument, and the results were compared to those of an age- and gender-matched sample of the general population. The minimum clinically important difference in the total 15D score has been defined as +/- 0.015. The clinical characteristics, details of insulinoma diagnosis and treatment, and the current health status of the subjects were examined to specify the possible determinants of long-term HRQoL. Results Thirty-eight insulinoma patients participated in the HRQoL survey (response rate 75%). All had undergone surgery with a curative aim, a median of 13 (min 7, max 34) years before the survey. The insulinoma patients had a clinically importantly and statistically significantly better mean 15D score compared with the controls (0.930 +/- 0.072 vs 0.903 +/- 0.039, P = .046) and were significantly better off regarding mobility, usual activities and eating. Among the insulinoma patients, younger age at the time of survey, higher level of education and smaller number of chronic diseases were associated with better overall HRQoL. Conclusions In the long term, the overall HRQoL of insulinoma patients is slightly better than that of the general population.Peer reviewe

Characteristics and Outcomes of 79 Patients with an Insulinoma : A Nationwide Retrospective Study in Finland

Objective. Insulinomas are rare pancreatic tumours. Population-based data on their incidence, clinical picture, diagnosis, and treatment are almost nonexistent. The aim of this study was to clarify these aspects in a nationwide cohort of insulinoma patients diagnosed during three decades. Design and Methods. Retrospective analysis on all adult patients diagnosed with insulinoma in Finland during 1980-2010. Results. Seventy-nine patients were diagnosed with insulinoma over the research period. The median follow-up from diagnosis to last control visit was one (min 0, max 31) year. The incidence increased from 0.5/million/year in the 1980s to 0.9/million/year in the 2000s (p = 0 002). The median diagnostic delay was 13 months and did not change over the study period. The mean age at diagnosis was 52 (SD 16) years. The overall imaging sensitivity improved from 39% in the 1980s to 98% in the 2000s (p <0 001). Seventy- one (90%) of the patients underwent surgery with a curative aim, two (3%) had palliative surgery, and 6 (8%) were inoperable. There were no significant differences in the types of surgical procedures between the 1980s, 1990s, and 2000s; tumour enucleations comprised 43% of the operations, distal pancreatic resections 45%, and pancreaticoduodenectomies 12%, over the whole study period. Of the patients who underwent surgery with a curative aim, 89% had a full recovery. Postoperative complications occurred in half of the patients, but postoperative mortality was rare. Conclusions. The incidence of insulinomas has increased during the past three decades. Despite the improved diagnostic options, diagnostic delay has remained unchanged. To shorten the delay, clinicians should be informed and alert to consider the possibility of hypoglycemia and insulinoma, when symptomatic attacks are investigated in different sectors of the healthcare system. Developing the surgical treatment is another major target, in order to lower the overall complication rate, without compromising the high cure rate of insulinomas.Peer reviewe

Long-term morbidity and mortality in patients diagnosed with an insulinoma

Objective: Insulinomas are rare functional pancreatic neuroendocrine tumours. As previous data on the long-term prognosis of insulinoma patients are scarce, we studied the morbidity and mortality in the Finnish insulinoma cohort. Design: Retrospective cohort study. Methods: Incidence of endocrine, cardiovascular, gastrointestinal and psychiatric disorders, and cancers was compared in all the patients diagnosed with an insulinoma in Finland during 1980-2010 (n = 79, including two patients with multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 syndrome), vs 316 matched controls, using the Mantel-Haenszel method. Overall survival was analysed with Kaplan-Meier and Cox regression analyses. Results: The median length of follow-up was 10.7 years for the patients and 12.2 years for the controls. The long-term incidence of atrial fibrillation (rate ratio (RR): 2.07 (95% CI: 1.02-4.22)), intestinal obstruction (18.65 (2.09-166.86)), and possibly breast (4.46 (1.29-15.39) and kidney cancers (RR not applicable) was increased among insulinoma patients vs controls, P < 0.05 for all comparisons. Endocrine disorders and pancreatic diseases were more frequent in the patients during the first year after insulinoma diagnosis, but not later on. The survival of patients with a non-metastatic insulinoma (n = 70) was similar to that of controls, but for patients with distant metastases (n = 9), the survival was significantly impaired (median 3.4 years). Conclusions: The long-term prognosis of patients with a non-metastatic insulinoma is similar to the general population, except for an increased incidence of atrial fibrillation, intestinal obstruction, and possibly breast and kidney cancers. These results need to be confirmed in future studies. Metastatic insulinomas entail a markedly decreased survival.publishedVersionPeer reviewe

Characteristics and Outcomes of 79 Patients with an Insulinoma: A Nationwide Retrospective Study in Finland

Objective. Insulinomas are rare pancreatic tumours. Population-based data on their incidence, clinical picture, diagnosis, and treatment are almost nonexistent. The aim of this study was to clarify these aspects in a nationwide cohort of insulinoma patients diagnosed during three decades. Design and Methods. Retrospective analysis on all adult patients diagnosed with insulinoma in Finland during 1980-2010. Results. Seventy-nine patients were diagnosed with insulinoma over the research period. The median follow-up from diagnosis to last control visit was one (min 0, max 31) year. The incidence increased from 0.5/million/year in the 1980s to 0.9/million/year in the 2000s (p = 0 002). The median diagnostic delay was 13 months and did not change over the study period. The mean age at diagnosis was 52 (SD 16) years. The overall imaging sensitivity improved from 39% in the 1980s to 98% in the 2000s (p < 0 001). Seventy- one (90%) of the patients underwent surgery with a curative aim, two (3%) had palliative surgery, and 6 (8%) were inoperable. There were no significant differences in the types of surgical procedures between the 1980s, 1990s, and 2000s; tumour enucleations comprised 43% of the operations, distal pancreatic resections 45%, and pancreaticoduodenectomies 12%, over the whole study period. Of the patients who underwent surgery with a curative aim, 89% had a full recovery. Postoperative complications occurred in half of the patients, but postoperative mortality was rare. Conclusions. The incidence of insulinomas has increased during the past three decades. Despite the improved diagnostic options, diagnostic delay has remained unchanged. To shorten the delay, clinicians should be informed and alert to consider the possibility of hypoglycemia and insulinoma, when symptomatic attacks are investigated in different sectors of the healthcare system. Developing the surgical treatment is another major target, in order to lower the overall complication rate, without compromising the high cure rate of insulinomas

Pk-yrityksen lyhyen aikavälin talouden suunnittelu ja hallinta

Opinnäytetyössä käsitellään pk-yrityksen talouden suunnittelua ja hallintaa. Tarkasteluajanjakso on nykyhetkestä seuraavan vuoden loppuun. Talouden suunnittelua lähestytään sekä budjetoinnin että laskentatoimen yritysjohdolle tuottamien raporttien kautta. Budjetoinnissa käydään läpi erilaiset budjetin laatimisen mahdollisuudet sekä osabudjettien laatimisen perusperiaatteet. Laskentatoimen raportoinnin osalta tarkastellaan erityisesti johdon laskentatoimen mahdollisuuksia tukea yrityksen johtoa päätöksenteossa ja talouden johtamisessa. Lisäksi käydään lyhyesti läpi kirjanpidon osalta erityisesti tilinpäätöksen asiakirjat. Yrityksen taloudelliseen asemaan vaikuttavat erityisesti kannattavuus, maksuvalmius ja vakavaraisuus, joita työssä tutkitaan laajemmin. Näihin liittyen käsitellään lyhyesti myös yrityksen kasvumahdollisuuksia. Kassan ja käyttöpääoman hallinnan perusperiaatteet esitellään myös, koska niillä on yhteyttä edellä oleviin tekijöihin. Yrityksen talouden johtamisen ja ohjaamisen kannalta on tärkeää, että johdolla on käytettävissään oikeaa ja tarkoituksenmukaista tietoa. Johto tarvitsee tietoa paitsi päätöksenteon tueksi niin myös päätösten vaikutusten arvioimiseen sekä siihen, miten hyvin ne ovat edistäneet osaltaan yrityksen tavoitteiden saavuttamista. Niinpä työssä käsitellään myös raportointiperiaatteita ja miten tietojärjestelmät voivat helpottaa tiedon välittämistä yrityksen sisällä.This Bachelor’s thesis deals with short-term financial planning and management of a company. The business size of the company is small or medium. The time period in the thesis is from present to the end of next year. The approach to financial planning consists of budgeting and management accounting reports. The budgeting subsections discuss alternatives of forming a budget and principles of making partial budgets. The main emphasis of discussion about accounting reports is on examining how they can support the management of a company in decision making and leading. Moreover, the documents of a financial statement are briefly viewed. The financial situation of a company is affected especially by profitability, liquidity and solvency, which are dealt extensively in the thesis. In addition to these, possibilities of a company growth are discussed briefly. Basic principles of the management of fund and working capital are also presented, because these have a connection to the above mentioned factors. For the management of a company, it is important for the management to have information available which is both correct and appropriate. The management needs information besides for making decisions also for evaluating consequences and viewing how decisions have advanced the company to reach objectives. Therefore, also principles of reporting are considered as well as how information systems can contribute to transmitting information inside the company

Emergency Medical Technicians Knowledge of CPR : Evaluation of Reliability and Usability of a Tool for Evaluating the CPR Procedure

Opinnäytetyömme on osa Keski-Uudenmaan pelastuslaitoksen KUOSCE -hanketta, jonka tarkoitukse-na on selvittää perustason sairaankuljettajien taitoja hoitamisen ja tutkimisen eri osa-alueilla, sekä luoda perustason osaamisen kehittymisen malli ensihoidon koulutukseen ja Keski-Uudenmaan pelastuslaitok-sen käyttöön. Opinnäytetyön tarkoituksena on kuvata tutkittuun tietoon perustuen, minkälaista elvytysosaamista perustason sairaankuljettajat tarvitsevat. Toisena tarkoituksena on arvioida elvytysosaamista arvioivan mittarin luotettavuutta ja käyttökelpoisuutta. Olemme kuvanneet kirjallisuuskatsauksessamme tutkimuksiin perustuen elvytyksessä tarvittavaa osaamista sekä osaamisessa todettuja puutteita niin sairaalassa kuin sen ulkopuolisessa ensihoidossa. Tutkimuksissa todettiin, että sairaankuljettajien elvytystaidoissa on paljon parannettavaa. Lähes jokaisella osa-alueella on osaamispuutteita. Elottomuuden tunnistamiseen kuluu liian pitkä aika, painelupaikka määritellään väärin, oikean painelusyvyyden hallitsemisessa on vaikeuksia, ventilaation oikean suhteen toteuttaminen on käytännössä vaikeaa. Tutkimusten mukaan sairaankuljettajien tiedolliset taidot elvytystilanteissa ovat hyvät, mutta käytännön taidoissa on parannettavaa. Mittarin luotettavuuden ja käyttökelpoisuuden arvioimiseksi järjestimme Helsingin ammattikorkeakoulu Stadian valmistuville ensihoitajaopiskelijoille (n=16) simuloidun elvytystilanteen Antti- elvytysnukella. Totesimme mittarin olevan pääosin luotettava, mutta havaitsimme mittarissa olevan myös sen luotettavuutta heikentäviä tekijöitä, kuten arvioijien eriävä mielipide testaustilanteessa johtuen mittarin vaikeasta seurattavuudesta

Kiinteistönhuollon osaamisen hyödyntäminen hankkeissa

Tavoitteena oli selvittää rakentamisen ammattilaisten näkemyksiä kiinteistöhuollon osallistumisesta hankkeisiin, koota heidän kokemuksiaan osallistumisesta saadusta lisäarvosta sekä tunnistaa toimenpiteet, joiden avulla kiinteistönhuollon kohdetuntemus ja osaaminen tulevat paremmin hyödynnettyä tulevissa hankkeissa. Työ aloitettiin kirjaamalla Rakennustieto-kortistoon perustuen korjaushankkeen eri vaiheet. Sen jälkeen kuvattiin näkemyksemme siitä, kuinka kiinteistönhuoltoa voitaisiin eri vaiheissa hyödyntää. Haastattelututkimuksen ja kyselytutkimuksen perusteella selvitettiin korjaushankkeiden eri osapuolten näkemyksiä ja kokemuksia kiinteistönhuollon osallistumisesta hankkeisiin. Kiinteistönhuollon koettiin tuottaneen hyötyä hankkeille ja roolia halutaan edelleen kehittää. Tutkimustulosten, omakohtaisten kokemusten sekä niiden perusteella tehtyjen johtopäätöksien myötä opinnäytetyötä täydennettiin hankkeisiin suunnitellulla käyttöönotto-ohjelmalla. Opinnäytetyötä varten tehtyjen tutkimusten tuloksista saatua oppia voidaan pitää merkittävänä ja sen perusteella voidaan kehittää kiinteistönhuollon osallistumista hankkeisiin